Invited review: Cytochrome P450 enzyme involvement in health and inflammatory-based diseases of dairy cattle

Dairy cattle are at the greatest risk of developing diseases around time calving because compromised immune responses and occurrence oxidative stress. Both development immunity stress influenced directly or indirectly by metabolism polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) fat-soluble vitamins. The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family enzymes is central to both classes these compounds, but date, importance CYP450 in health dairy underappreciated. As certain isoforms metabolize PUFA vitamins, potential interactions may occur between vitamins that largely unexplored. For example, one generates anti-inflammatory oxylipids from arachidonic acid additionally contributes activation vitamin D. Other substrate A E exist as well. intersection suggest this enzyme system could provide an understanding how function oxidant status interconnect, resulting increased postpartum disease occurrence. This review will detail known contributions bovine regulation with a focus on also be involved A, D, contribute antioxidant defenses. Although activity specific generally conserved among mammals, important differences cattle, such primarily responsible for D makes their study great importance. Additionally, CYP450-driven inflammatory positive feedback loop proposed, which dysfunctional commonly found during transition period. Establishing individual isoform oxylipid biosynthesis reveal can affect times susceptibility disease. Determining effect each pathogenesis allow targeted manipulation pathways influence defenses disorders.